LODI GROWERS REPORT VINE GROWTH PROBLEMS FROM FALL 2020 COLD DAMAGE

WEDNESDAY, MAY 12, 2021. BY TED RIEGER.

Some Lodi winegrape growers are reporting grapevines and vineyard blocks with no vine growth or stunted vine growth this spring that appears to be related to cold injury damage experienced during an unusual cold weather event that occurred November 8-12, 2020 when overnight/morning temperatures dropped below freezing throughout most of thelodi ava.

尽管寒冷事件发生后发生后，对2020 crop, most vines were not yet dormant, and it is believed that vines had not become seasonally acclimated to prevent cold damage to vascular tissues. Younger and more recently planted vines were more susceptible, however, damage has also been observed in vineyards up to 20 years old.

This cold event occurred over much of the northernSan Joaquin Valley和萨克拉曼多山谷, and growers have reported similar damage in核桃园和olive groves this spring.

霞多丽缺乏新的春季增长。上面并覆盖照片由Lodi Grower提供Bruce Fry,Mohr-Fry牧场.


November Cold Event Spanned Five Days

基于存档数据Lodi气象站网络的每日气象摘要37天气站，从2020年11月8日星期日，至2020年11月12日（星期四），在某些站点连续五天记录了32⁰F（0⁰C）的温度。- 日期如下。

Acampo Station: 28.5⁰F, 24.5⁰F, 24.6⁰F, 34.4⁰F, 25.4⁰F.

Linden Station：27.8⁰F，22.8⁰F，24.2⁰F，29.4⁰F，25.9⁰F。

Lone Oak Station（Clements Hills Ava）：24.8⁰F，22.7⁰F，23.4⁰F，27.4⁰F，25.3⁰F。

Sloughhouse Station: 26.7⁰F, 22.3⁰F, 25.2⁰F, 27.4⁰F, 24.2⁰F.

Oddly enough, daily maximum temperatures during this same period were around the seasonal normal, ranging from 58.4⁰F (14.7⁰C) to 67.8⁰F (19.9⁰C) across the洛迪天气Network.

2020年11月1日至14日之间的Acampo，Linden和Sloughhouse气象站的温度由西方天气集团首席气象学家Will Farr提供。在电子邮件通讯中，威尔警告野火葡萄酒会带来的寒意：“烟雾非常有效地阻止来自太阳的传入短波辐射，因此在下午[2018年营地消防时停留在40年代/50年代], but it’s not very good at holding in longwave radiation escaping the surface at night in the way that clouds do. As a result, the temperature was allowed to cool at night almost as if there were no clouds at all.” We didn’t find any evidence to indicate that the November 2020 cold damage was a result of what Will calls “wildfire-induced frost”, but it is something to consider and understand for future vintages.


Lodi冷损伤报告

Aaron Lange, VP of vineyard operations atLangeTwins Family Winery and Vineyards, said the situation was not a widespread disaster, but observed damage tended to be in younger vineyards and in cane pruned vineyards. “We believe the vines did not have enough opportunity last fall to acclimate for winter cold hardiness, and they had not completed their transition to full dormancy,” Lange said.

Lange reported a 50-acre block of Sauvignon blanc planted in 2019 had sustained significant damage. The vines had been trained onto trellis wire in 2020 and were expected to produce the first crop in 2021. Now the vines will have to be cut back and retrained, costing additional labor and resulting in a year of lost production.

Peeling back the bark shows brown vascular tissue in cold-damaged Sauvignon blanc planted in 2019 in Lockeford. Photos were taken on April 21, 2021, and are courtesy of Charlie Starr IV, Pest Control Advisor, and Lodi Grower.

Lange also reported cold injury in mature Pinot noir and Pinot Gris vineyards in the Delta, in blocks up to 15 years old. In mature vineyards, the cold damage affected buds that would have produced shoots and clusters and will result in crop losses and reduced yields this season.

葡萄栽培顾问斯坦格兰特和进步的葡萄栽培has seen or heard reports of, cold injury this spring in vineyards ranging geographically from Elk Grove in the north to Livingston inMerced Countyin the south, and from the Delta area nearBrentwood在洛迪（Lodi）东侧的西部至大约88号高速公路。格兰特（Grant）在职业生涯的不同时期在中央山谷葡萄园（Central Valley Vineyards）看到了冷伤。他观察到，冷损伤程度可能差异很大，并且发生的程度是非常随机的。格兰特说：“有时会在整个块中造成伤害，有时可能只是葡萄园中最冷的空气中的一个低落地点的几个葡萄藤。”

尽管不认为在Lodi地区发生的常见发生，但冷损伤可能是春季藤蔓生长限制的原因比种植者意识到的要多，因为它可能并不总是被诊断为原因。格兰特说：“由于许多原因，可能会有限制春季藤蔓的生长，有时您必须进行更多的调查并进行消除过程。”可以通过剥离树皮或外藤层或修剪藤蔓部件来检测受损的藤本组织，以揭示棕色的血管组织。寒冷事件发生后，这种内部组织损伤可以很快看到，但是大多数种植者直到春季葡萄藤才适当推动新生长时才注意到问题。Lodi种植者在4月下旬开始看到问题，当时葡萄藤受损不跟健康的葡萄藤保持同步。

Younger, more recently planted vines tend to be more susceptible to cold damage, partly due to their smaller size. Grant also observed, “Young vines tend to remain active later into the growing season and fall, which makes them more susceptible to cold damage.” However, Grant also observed cold damage in a 20-year-old Chardonnay vineyard this year.

Stunted growth from cold damage on Pinot noir planted in 2017. Photo was taken on May 11, 2021, and is courtesy of Lodi Grower Bruce Fry, Mohr-Fry Ranches.

Jason Eells, vineyard manager forArbor Vineyards报道说,大约一半的48-acre块受损of Sauvignon blanc planted in 2019 in the Jahant area. “The vines were trained onto the wire last year, and we were expecting our first crop this year, but about half the vines have no green growth at all,” Eells said. The plan is to cut the damaged vines and retrain this season with new growth from above the graft union. He also found less severe damage in another Sauvignon blanc vineyard about two miles away that has a section with stunted green growth. This vineyard will be managed with more of a wait-and-see approach, with shoot thinning and growth management, but with lower yield expectations.

除了已经提到的长相思，黑比诺，黑比诺和霞多丽还据报道还持续了冷损伤，还包括：Albariño，Cabernet Sauvignon，Tannat和Zinfandel。葡萄园现场条件，温度严重程度和时机很可能是导致冷损伤的主要因素。有趣的是，有些人认为地中海Vitis viniferavarieties planted in the Lodi AVA may be more susceptible to cold damage.

2020年在Lodi Ava种植的赤霞珠的棕色组织（左）和无绿色生长（右）的冷损伤症状。照片是在2021年4月19日拍摄的，由害虫控制顾问和Lodi Grower的Charlie Starr IV提供。


Physiology of Cold Damage

Lange contacted viticulture research/extension advisors withCornell Universityin upstate New York, who have more experience with fall and winter cold injury in vineyards.Dr. Terry Bates，主任Cornell Lake Erie Research and Extension Laboratory，提供了以下有关对葡萄韧皮部和木质部组织的冷损害的信息：“这些组织通过受控的脱水和冷冻保护剂物质（糖 - 蛋白质分子）的积累来准备冷适应，以结合任何游离水分子并防止冰形成。在低温事件中，这些组织中的任何自由水都会形成冰晶，损坏细胞膜和躯干。”

It is believed that late-season irrigations, done by some Lodi growers last fall into November to maintain root moisture during dry fall conditions, could have contributed to cold damage. According to Bates: “Even without leaves on the vine to draw water up by transpiration, there is a significant amount of solutes in the roots causing root water pressure to send up the trunk and cordon xylem vessels. This would have provided enough free water to freeze in the trunks and cordons and cause vascular damage, trunk cracking, xylem streaking, and entry points forEutypa和crown gall.”

当考虑将来秋天灌溉时，贝茨建议在秋季进行7-10天的天气预报，而不会灌溉，如果预计温度会降至20年代。

冷损伤，缺乏冬季土壤水分或多种因素组合？黑皮诺（Pinot Noir）的照片于2017年在三角洲种植，由丹尼尔·迈耶斯（Daniel Meyers）与Vino Farms一起提供。


冷葡萄的处理

Vine treatments to address cold damage will differ based on the degree of the damage and should be approached on a vine by vine basis. Unless the entire vine has sustained permanent damage, the vine has a chance to recover and be saved.

In cases of milder damage, when some green growth is observed, it may be better to wait and see if the vine recovers during the season, although there may be no crop, or a very small crop from such vines this season. Bates explained, “If you had partial vascular tissue damage in the fall, you will have spotty bud push that should eventually recover when the cambium produces new vascular tissue, but you will need to baby the vines through it.” But he also cautioned, “In this situation, the shoots can start growing and then suddenly collapse because the old damaged vascular tissue can’t keep up with the water demand.”

In more severe cases, vine surgery and retraining may be required. Bates said: “If you had complete vascular tissue damage in the fall, you will have blank buds and there will be no stimulus to reactivate the cambial tissue. Prune it out and retrain.” To do this, he advised: “Pick the lowest viable shoots on the trunk above the graft union and retrain the vine. The lowest shoots will have the best chance of working off of old xylem and phloem connections with the root system and the shortest distance for new vascular development from the reactivated cambial tissue. There will be no longer-term damage because the vascular cambium will build new xylem and phloem.”

Stunted growth on Chardonnay vines planted in 2014. Photo was taken on May 11, 2021, and is courtesy of Lodi Grower Bruce Fry, Mohr-Fry Ranches.

下面列出了有关葡萄感冷损害，原因，评估和治疗方法的更详细的参考。

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